Deadlock involves a mutual interdependence between two or more threads. 

A Future interface provides methods to check if the computation is complete, to wait for its completion, and to retrieve the result of the computation. The result is retrieved using method get when the computation has completed, and it blocks until it is ready. If a task completes  by  throwing  an  exception,  corresponding Future.get  rethrows  it  wrapped  in  an  ExecutionException;  and if  it  was  cancelled,  get throws CancellationException.  The submit method in the ExecutorService return a Future when you submit a Runnable or a Callable.

The interface ExecutorService extends Executor and provides methods to manage termination of an Executor and methods that can produce a Future for tracking progress of one or more asynchronous tasks. An ExecutorService can be shut down, which will cause it to reject new tasks. Method submit extends base method Executor.execute(java.lang.Runnable) by creating and returning a Future that can be used to cancel execution and/or wait for completion.

A task is a logical unit of work We can execute tasks sequentially or in parallel, and threads are the mechanism by which tasks can run in parallel. In Java, a  task can be a Runnable or a Callable. Executors in Java concurrency package are the best way for executing tasks in a bounded way, and it is advised not to use Thread class directly. 

In computer science, particularly in operating systems, a semaphore is a variable or abstract data type that provides a simple but useful abstraction for controlling access, by multiple processes, to a common resource in a parallel programming or a multi user environment. Semaphores which allow an arbitrary resource count are called counting semaphores, while semaphores which are restricted to the values 0 and 1 (or locked/unlocked, unavailable/available) are called binary semaphores.